Cyber Security

NETWORKING

Enable and Disable DHCP on windows 8?

Author: | On:14th Nov, 2020 | 824 View

Enable and Disable DHCP on windows 8?

Enable and Disable DHCP on windows 8 ? | Through this post, I am going to tell you with complete details about how to enable DHCP and how to disable it. So that you can easily enable DHCP.

Enabling DHCP on windows 8:-

The Dynamic Host Configuration of Workstations or PCs with unique IP address. Thus, it simplifies IP address administration in the TCP/IP  internetworking enviroment. DHCP overcomes one of the main drawbacks of manual assignment of IP address, which is related to the duplication of IP  address assignment.

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8:-

Enable DHCP on Windows 8:-

1:-  Press Windows Key + X on  windows 8 to open the power menu, and then choose the                   Control  Panel option.

The Control Panel windows appears, showing the Home screen where you can adjust your              computer’s setting. By default, all the items are displayed in the Category view.

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

2:- Click the Network and Internet Category.

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

3:- Click the Network and Sharing Center link to change network setting on your computer,               You  will see basic information about your network.

 

Also Read:-

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

4:- On the left side, click the Change adapter setting link, This opens the Network connections            window, where you can change network setting and disable network devices.

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

5:- Right-Click on the Ethernet network and select the Properties options in the context menu.

 

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

6:- On the Networking tab, select Internet Protocol Version 4 (TCP/IP) and then click the                      properties button.

The Internet Protocol Version 4 Properties dialog box appears in which you can specify                 setting to assign IP address automatically.

Also Read :-

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

 

7:- Select the Obtain an IP address automatically and Obtain DNS server address automatically           radio buttons.

 

8:- Click on the OK  button.

This sets up the IP address and DNS server address to be assigned automatically, that is,                DHCP will now be activited on your computer.

Also Read:-

 

Disable DHCP on Windows 8:-

However, If you want to disable DHCP, you can takes following steps:-

1:- Select the following radio button for the IP address.

2:- Enter the appropriate values for IP  address, Subnet mask and default gateway setting.

3:-Select the following radio button for DNS addresses.

4:- Enter the values for Preferred DNS Server and Alternate DNS  server.

5:- Click the OK button.

Enable and Disable DHCP on Windows 8

 

I hope you liked Enable and Disable DHCP on windows 8 ? this post very much. If you want to get posts on the same side, you can follow us on social media. So that you can get the Notification of our post first.

Also Read:-

Thank you very much for your valuable time.

How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV

Author: | | 841 View

How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV

How does Satellite Television work?

How does Satellite Television work? Satellites have changed the way we humans live. In this article, we will examine how satellite television works and the huge revenue flows associated with this broadcasting business. Towards the end of the post, we will also explain the interesting reason why there is no stream of your TV streaming and how online videos are abused. To better understand satellite TV broadcasting, we must first have a basic knowledge of satellite components.

Satellite Foundation: –

How satellite navigation. As you can see, the Earth orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit, and the Earth also opens its axis. You can see that this rotating axis does not correspond to the surface of the elliptical orbit but is slightly tilted, as shown.

Also Read:-

For satellite TV to work, the satellite must not be compatible with your home. This means that the satellite must orbit at the same speed as the earth. That is, it will take 24 hours to complete one cycle. Let’s work out the equilibrium of the gravitational force and centrifugal while using this speed information.

You can see that the orbitalradius needed to achieve an unrelated motion, because the satellite, is exactly 42,164 kilometers long.

How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV

Geostationary Cycle: –

This orbit is known as geostationary orbit. All satellites used for satellite TV purposes must be parked on this route. And this look shows how geostationary belt has become so crowded these days.

Now,  find things about the satellite itself. The energy required for satellites comes mainly from solar panels. However, if the satellites do not face the sun, the battery pack helps maintain its functionality. Interestingly, satellites have tiny engines called thrusters.

Also Read:-

The magnetic field that meets the satellite is not the same because of the irregularity of the earth’s surface and the presence of the Moon and the Sun. The thruster produces a very small amount of energy to keep the satellite’s position and position in order.

How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV

Transponder: –

The most important part of the satellite for communication purposes is the transponder. Transponder signals from the base station simultaneously, amplify signal strength, remove any sound and transmit it to the earth in a different volume. Downlink frequency is always lower than uplink frequency. You can see the horns of different bands of frequency. For D2H, Ku Bandfrequency is widely used.

These Ku Band Signals are powerful, allowing smallersize receiver antenna. In the past, C Band’s signals, low power, were used for telecommunications and that is why big horns were used in those early days. However, the Ku Band signal is affected due to rain. Therefore, scientists must overcome this problem with the development of satellite technology. (How does Satellite Television work?)

How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV

Also Read:-

DBS providers: –

Now that we have a basic knowledge, let’s see how hundreds of TV channels reach your home through satellite TV technology. We will consider CNN  tv channel, They have a video production center and continue to produce content for public viewing, 24/7. We call them the source of the system.

This channel needs simultaneous access to multiple satellite satellite networks. We call them DBS providers. To achieve this, CNN is simply placing its mark on its transponder init’s geostationary orbit.

It should be noted that prior to video signals, the source of the program places ads as relevant sites and this is the first source of revenue for the channel. CNN signal is now generally available at the same time, and any DBS provider can access the signal when they have entered into a business agreement with the source of the program.

How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV

Similarly, DBS provides the collection of signals from many such channels or system sources.In their broadcast center, they combine all of these content together and perform video formats such as MPEG compression, subtitle, and signal encryption. After that, the DBS provider puts a signal to their hired transponder on the satellite.

Also Read:-

The DBS provider hires multiple transponders to handle the large amount of data that must be transmitted. In this way 300-400 channels will be available on a single satellite of the DBS provider.Now the final stage of signal transmission; signal transfer to end user. Here, the end user should wear their feed antenna towards the DBS satellite providers.

You may have noticed that among the various DBS providers, there are different vessel angles. Or the dishes are in one place. This is because different providers may be using different satellites to transmit their signals. The signals received by your dish are nailed to prevent crime, and only a dedicated card in the top box will be able to unlock it and return it. Did you know that live events you watch on your satellite television are actually delayed by a few seconds?

The signal that leaves the broadcasting center must travel hugedistance on two satellites before it reaches you. Even signaltravels with light speed, such a large distance will cause a delay of about 0.5 seconds. In addition, the live broadcaster may also incur certain swearing delays in addition to the usual delays.

comparison between online and satellite videos: –

Now an interesting comparison between online videos and satellite TV. Both television and internet technology transmit information in digital format, such as eggs and those. Why is there no bath on your TV, as you see on YouTube or Facebook videos? On television, the broadcaster offers only 300 to 400 channels or video streams and the user must select just one from this small group.

Also Read:-

However, online, the needs of each user are very different. There are millions of online videos to choose from. This means that the volumeof traffic operated by TV broadcasters is nowhere near the level of the internet, and it is this large levelof traffic on the internet that sometimes creates traffic congestion and blows.

I hope you liked this How does Satellite Television work? | Satellite TV article. Subscribe to get more similar articles.

What is Data Transmission Mode ?

Author: | On:19th Apr, 2020 | 1542 View

What is Data Transmission Mode ?

What is Data Transmission Mode ?:-

Data Transmission mode depicts the direction of the data flow between the interconnected networks during data communication. These are also known as ‘communication’ modes.

There are three types of transmission nodes, namely:

  • Simplex
  • Half Duplex
  • Full Duplex

The figure shows the categories of data transmission mode in a diagrammatic way.

data transmission mode

Let us learn about the type of data transmission modes in detail.

Read This:-

Simplex:

In this mode, a data flow is unidirectional. This means data flow is in one direction either from the sender or from the receiver. TV broadcast network, fire simplex data transmission mode security alarm, computer, and keyboard communication are some common examples of the simplex transmission mode.

Half Duplex:

In a half-duplex data transmission mode, a data flow is bidirectional. This means that there is a transmission of data flow between the sender and receiver in both directions. Data
transmission between the connected nodes is not simultaneous. This transmission takes more time because one device is sending data and another device is receiver data at
the same time. Example: modem communication, printer application, communication with a walkie-talkie, etc.

 

Full Duplex:

In this mode, data is transmitted simultaneously between the sender and receiver in both directions over a serial link. For this transmission, two wires are required by
the sending device to send data over the serial link. Data bandwidth is shared by both the sender and receiver. Example: telephone network.

Read This:-

If you liked our post data transmission modes and what are the types of these, then don’t forget to share it on social media. If you want to get more posts with this first, don’t forget to subscribe to us.

You did not read our earlier networking posts. They have to read to understand this post.

Thank you for giving your valuable time to Cyber ​​Security.

Types of Network Topology ?(2020)

Author: | On:19th Apr, 2020 | 2350 View

Types of Network Topology ?(2020)

Types of Network Topology ?:-

 (Types of Network Topology?) Topology is defined as the arrangement of network nodes, cables, etc in a computer network. This arrangement gives a topological structure to a network. There are various types of node arrangement in a computer network.

 Types of Network Topology:-

  • BUS Topology
  •  STAR  Topology
  • RING Topology
  • MESH Topology
  • TREE Topology
  • HYBRID Topology

Let’s discuss the types of network topology in detail.

 Bus  Network  Topology:-

In a bus topology, the LAN network and network nodes are connected to the central cable known as the backbone of the network (or simple bus).  Each node communicates with the other node through this bus. This topology uses a single cable. A terminator is connected at the endpoints of the backbone to avoid bouncing of signals.

bus topology

Read This:-

Advantages of Bus Topology:

  • Easy to install
  • Low installation cost
  • Useful for a small network like LAN

Drawbacks of Bus Topology:

  • Breaks down  in case there is a fault in the network backbone or bus
  • Higher maintenance cost
  • Efficiency decrease if the number of devices connected to the backbone or bus increase
  • Unsuitable for high data Traffic

Star Network Topology:-

In a star topology, there is a central node that transmits a message. Each node in a star topology is connected to the central node. The central node is often a  hub or a switch. Data from the source node is transmitted to the central node. The central node is the single point of failure in this arrangement.

star network topology

Advantages of Bus Topology:

  • If there is a node failure then, only that particular node is affected. All other nodes connected to the central node remain unaffected.
  • Addition or deletion of network nodes in a star topology is easier and can be done without affecting the entire network

 Drawbacks of Star Topology:

  • In case of a central node failure, there will be a complete network breakdown
  • Installation costs are high as this layout request more cables

Ring Network Topology:-

In this arrangement, each network node is connected to exactly two network nodes forming a circular shape or a ring. This gives a continuous medium of data flow through each network node. The message is transmitted from the source node and is circulated around the ring until it reaches its destination node.

ring Topology ?

Advantages of Ring Topology:

  • Reduced chances of collision
  • Higher data transfer rate
  • Addition and removal of nodes is easier without affecting the entire network

Drawbacks of Ring Topology:

  • If the hub goes down, the whole system goes down
  • Requires more cabling than the bus or star topology
  • Performance depends on the central device
  • More expensive because of the central device used

 Mesh Network Topology:-

In a mesh topology, each network node is connected to another network node. A mesh topology has a dedicated point-to-point link’s own data but also relays data from other nodes. It uses flooding or routing techniques. Every node cooperates in the distribution of data in the network.

mesh Topology ?

This topology is usually used in wireless networks.

Read This:-

Advantages of Mesh Topology:

  • Suitable    for high data traffic 
  • Robust and reliable network topology 
  • Addition and removal of nodes is easier without affecting the entire network

Drawbacks of Mesh Topology:

  • High installation and maintenance cost
  • Higher redundancy
  • Difficult network administration

Tree Network Topology:-

In a tree topology, network nodes are arranged in such a way that it appears that a star topology network is connected using the bus. Backbone cable signifies the stem of a tree and star topology network signifies branches of the tree. This topology is also known as  ‘Extended’ star topology.(types of network topology)

types of network Topology ?

Read This:-

Advantages of Tree Topology:

  • Addition and deletion of network nodes is easier
  • Easy maintenance
  • Error detection and correction is easier

Drawbacks of Tree Topology:

  •  If there is a fault in the backbone, then the entire network is damaged
  • maintenance of network becomes difficult in case of addition of nodes
  • Network scalabilty is  dependent on the cable type used

Hybrid Network Topology:-

Hybrid topology network consists of a combination of two or more than two different topologies.  For example, star-ring,  star-bus, types of network topology, etc.

types of network Topology ?

Advantages of Hybrid Topology:

  •  Reliability of network
  • High level of fault tolerance

Drawbacks of Hybrid Topology:

  • Expensive to install and maintain
  • Maintenance is difficult as it is a combination of different topologies

Read This:-

If you liked our post, don’t forget to subscribe to us. We keep updating daily the information related to computer networking.

Cyber ​​Security thanks you for giving your precious time to cybersecurity.

Types of Computer Networks Based on Size?

Author: | On:2nd Feb, 2021 | 1107 View

Types of Computer Networks Based on Size?

Types of Computer Networks Based on Size:-

Types of Computer Networks – A computer network can be established based on the geographical area it covers. The network locates the physical components linked to it in the specified area ( which can be a room, a building, a city, a country or the entire world) According to the area size, specific protocols are followed to set up a network.

Types of Computer Networks:

  1. Personal Area Network ( PAN)
  2. Local Area  Network (LAN)
  3. Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
  4. Wide Area Network (WAN)

Full details Types of Computer Networks:-

Personal Area Network (PAN):-

PAN is used for personal data intercommunication. In PAN, there is an exchange of data between personal devices such as mobile phones, computers, tablets, and personal digital assistants. Example: data cable work as wired PAN. Data communication in PAN can be used for high-level network and the internet. It can be connected to the internet through wireless media. Examples of wireless PAN are Bluetooth, Wireless USB, etc.

Read This:-

Local Area Network (LAN):-

LAN is a high-speed private network at a low cost. It covers relatively a small area. This area is confined to a single building or a group of buildings within a campus. LAN enables the Sharing of files, hardware, software, and other applications.

LAN network consists of network devices* like Ethernet cables, switches, network adapters and hubs that help connect users to the server. Users can access rights are controlled by a network administrator. Nodes are interconnected in the form of a ring or a straight line.

Local area network (LAN)
Local area network (LAN)

Read this:-

Limitations  of LAN:

  • Susceptible to violation of privacy
  • Threats of data security are likely to take place
  • Covers a limited area
  • Maintenance costs are high

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN):-

It can cover an entire city or town for data communication. You can be interconnected computers, network devices or networks in a single network using MAN. Firstly we know that the WAN  network is bigger than a LAN  network. Several LANs can be interconnected to configure a MAN. It can be privately or publicly owned types of computer networks.

 

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

Limitations of MAN:

  • Installation cost is high
  • Requires accurate design and configuration

 Wide Area Network (WAN):-

It can cover a geographical area of a state or a country. Data transfer is done within different geographical locations or cities or countries. The internet is a good example of a WAN. It can be public or private owned networks; configured on leased lines, satellite or fiber optic cables.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

To establish a network, you need to arrange network nodes in an organized manner. There are different manners in which the network nodes can be interconnected to each other. Let’s study the classification based on the arrangement of nodes and cables.

If you liked our types of computer networks posts, then subscribe to us for the latest posts.

Thanks for reading Types Of Computer Networks Post.

Related post:-

What is Data Transmission? Types of Data Transmission.

Author: | On:20th Feb, 2021 | 1074 View

What is Data Transmission? Types of Data Transmission.

Transmission of Data:-

When data is transported between two or more computer systems in the form of binary code (bits), it is termed as data transmission. This movement takes place over cables, Wi-Fi or any other wireless medium in a network.

In the process of communicating digitally, data is transmitted electronically from one location to another by using standard methods. Let’s learn about the types of data transmission that happens over a network.

Type of Data Transmission:-

Data Transmission in a network is mainly of two types:

  1. Synchronous
  2. Asynchronous

Type of Data Transmission

 Synchronous versus Asynchronous Data Transmission:-

Asynchronous  Data Transmission Synchronous Data Transmission
Use of  start and stop bits No use of start and stop bits
Start and stop bits are of opposite polarity No polarity of bits
No use of clock signal for synchronisation Uses clock signal  for synchronisation
Relatively slower data transfer rate because of start and stop bits. Relatively faster now as it is available with high rate links like 100G/40G/1G Faster data transfer rate because of no start and stop bits circuits like OC-3/OC-12/STM-1/STM4
The error rate is low The error rate is high
Example -Ethernet Example-SDH/SONET

Let us now learn about the hardware or medium using which data transmission happens over the internet.

Medium of  Data Transmission:-

Data (in the form of electromagnetic signals) is transmitted using specially designed network cables; either made of copper or fiber. Bandwidth, delay, installation, and maintenance costs are some of the characteristics of any transmission medium.

There are two types of transmission medium:-

  1. Wired Medium (guided)
  2. Wireless Medium (unguided)

Medium of Data Transmission

 

Wired Medium:-

Wired medium has a defined physical path for transmitting signals because it is made up of physical cables. Therefore, it is also known as a guided medium.

The wired medium uses three types of cables namely:-

Twisted Pair Cables:

These are copper-based cable used for data transmission. The twisted pair is categorized Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) and Unshielded Twisted Pair(UTP).

Twisted Pair Cables

The UTP can fall under different categories as shown in image. You will hear these terms while configuring a wired network.

Co-axial Cables:

These cables are also copper-based cables used for data transmission.

Co-axial cables

Fiber-optic Cables:

Optic cables carry light waves in comparison to copper cables that carry electronic waves for data transmission. Fiber cables have a high bandwidth capacity and high speed. They are noise-resistant and have low maintenance costs as compared to copper cables.

These cables work on the phenomenon of total internal reflection and consist of three parts namely, Core, Cladding and Coating  and perform the following functions:

  • CORE is the carrier of light signals
  • CLADDING acts as a medium that carries light to the core
  • COATING gives protection to cladding

fiber optic cables

Wireless:-

Wireless medium is unguided and uses an antenna for data transmission. It uses radio waves, microwaves and infrared waves to transmit data. However, a wireless medium is highly affected by adverse weather conditions.

Now, let us learn about the popular technique of network switching that is used for data transmission between networks.

Network Switching:-

Switching is a technique in networking that helps the transmission of data between different computer networks.  Interconnected switches form a switched network that enables temporary connectivity between linked nodes. Data is moved from nodes to nodes until it reaches its destination node.

There are two methods of network switching, namely, Circuit Switching and Packet Switching. Let us learn about each one in detail.

1.Circuit  Switching:

When data movement is in a continuous stream from source nodes to the destination node, it is termed as circuit switching. Circuit switching gives a fixed data rate.

Circuits switching consists of three phases to learn about each one in detail.

What is Data Transmission?

Connection Set-up Phase:

Firstly, a dedicated channel is established prior to the actual data transmission from source node to the destination node. Source and destination addresses are required for the connection set up between the source and destination node.

Data Transfer Phase:

Once the dedicated channel is established between the source and a destination node, the actual data transfer takes place in a continuous stream between the sender and the receiver.

Read this:-

Disconnection Phase:

The connection is terminated or disconnected after the data transfer Phase and the dedicated resources get released.

Let’s look at the advantages and drawbacks of circuit switching.

Advantages of Circuit switching:

  • Dedicated channel for data transmission between sender and destination node
  • No delay or waiting time
  • suitable for long-duration transmission because of dedicated continuous stream

Drawbacks of circuit switching:

  •  Technique because of a channel is being dedicated to data communication for a fixed duration of time. In cases, where there is no data transmission for a specified interval of time, the channel is wasted.
  • It requires more bandwidth as it is a dedicated channel.
  • Time-consuming as more time is required for the establishment of a  channel between sender and receiver nodes.

2.Packet Switching:-

Packet switching was designed with the intention of sending a message in parts over any available link in the network. Data is transmitted from sender to receiver in the form of fixed-size blocks called “packets” via the transmission medium. Hence, packet switching gives a variable data rate. The message is then reassembled at the destination as per their sequense number. The internet and mobile phone technology like GPRS uses this technique.

A packet has two parts namely, header and payload

What is Data Transmission?

Header:

Header defines the beginning of a data block and directs the packet to the destination node.

Read this:-

 

Payload:

Payload is the actual data that is to be transmitted between the sender and receiver. It is usually encapsulated in a frame.

Classification of the packet switching:-

Packet Switching  is classified into two types:

Connection-less packet switching:

When data transmission occurs over any link that is free, it is known as connectionless packet switching; as there is no defined path established between the sender and the receiver. This type of packet switching is not reliable. packets are transmitted from source to destination via intermediate nodes using the asynchronous mode of transfer.

Connection-oriented packet switching:

In this technique, data transmission takes a single route to reach their destination. The data packets do not travel via different available paths. This saves transmission time and increases the data rate.

Advantages of packet-switched network:

  • Efficient network
  • Robust in comparison to circuit switching

 

Also Read:-

 

Drawbacks of packet-switched network:

  • Do you know the transmission is delayed compared to circuit switching
  • Files can get corrupted during transmission
  • Entire file would not reach the destination as it is being sent in packets
  • Files may reach in the wrong order and may require reassembling
  • Requires huge RAM in case of a large amount of data transmission